Using the same type of mathematical formulas used to draw political redistricting maps, Johns Hopkins researchers have developed a model that they say would allow for the more equitable allocation of livers from deceased donors for transplantation.
Currently, in the United States, where you live dictates the availability of a liver transplant. Studies show that geography can mean the difference between a 10 percent and 90 percent chance of dying while on the waiting list for a donor liver, the researchers say. The new model depends not on the long-standing relationships among medical centers used to create the current unbalanced system but on making the distribution of organs as equitable as possible, they say.
"This is gerrymandering for the public good," says study leader Dorry L. Segev, an associate professor of surgery and epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "We have applied to transplantation the same math used for political redistricting, school assignments, wildlife preservation, and zoning issues." A report on the research is published online in the American Journal of Transplantation.
"Some geographic areas have very good access to donated organs, and some have desperate gaps between organ supply and organ demand," says co-author Sommer Gentry, a research associate in the Department of Surgery at Johns Hopkins and an associate professor of mathematics at the U.S. Naval Academy. "Our model helps decrease geographic disparity. It's not fair that where you live so vastly affects your ability to get a transplant. We want to fix that."
Currently, patients with the most severe disease go to the top of the liver transplant waiting list. But the list isn't a single national one; instead, it is subdivided according to location. Thus, the sickest person in one region may be much sicker than the person in a nearby region who gets a new liver simply because the second region has a greater supply offlor smaller demand forflorgans.
In 2009, Apple founder Steve Jobs, who lived in Northern California, famously underwent a liver transplant in Memphis, Tenn., where he had put himself on one of the shortest waiting lists in the country. Jobs was able to do this because he had the financial resources to fly immediately to Tennessee when the liver became available. His situation brought national attention to the large geographic disparities in liver transplantation.
Segev, a transplant surgeon, says that if a patient from San Francisco or New York City needed a liver transplant, it would be difficult to recommend one of the great transplant centers in those cities because the wait is so long.
In developing their new allocation model, the Johns Hopkins researchers essentially redistricted the regions by analyzing supply, demand, and access factors for 6,700 deceased donors, 28,063 liver transplant candidates, and 242,727 changes in 2010 to a score that is known as MELD, for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, which categorizes the sickest patients on the list at any given time.
The optimal regional sharing map they created would reduce geographic disparity by half, while significantly reducing waitlist deaths.
Segev, the director of clinical research for transplant surgery at Johns Hopkins, says that the geographic disparity in the current allocation system violates government rules that say geography shouldn't affect organ supply.
He says he hopes that the United Network for Organ Sharing, the private nonprofit organization that manages the nation's organ transplant system under contract with the federal government, will act on this new model.
The research was supported by an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and a Health Resources and Services Administration contract.
Other Johns Hopkins researchers involved in the study are Allan B. Massie, Eric K.H. Chow, and Corey E. Wickliffe.
