A novel therapeutic approach for an existing drug reverses a condition in elderly patients who are at high risk for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, researchers at Johns Hopkins University found.
The drug, commonly used to treat epilepsy, calms hyperactivity in the brain of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, or aMCI, a clinically recognized condition in which memory impairment is greater than expected for a person's age and which greatly increases risk for Alzheimer's dementia, according to the study published recently in NeuroImage: Clinical.
The findings validate the Johns Hopkins team's initial conclusions, published three years ago in the journal Neuron. They also closely match the results in animal studies performed by the team and by scientists elsewhere. Lead investigator Michela Gallagher, the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins, says she hopes the therapy will next be tested in a large-scale, longer-term clinical trial.
Hippocampal overactivity is well-documented in patients with aMCI, and its occurrence predicts further cognitive decline and progression to Alzheimer's dementia, Gallagher says. "What we've shown is that very low doses of the atypical antiepileptic levetiracetam reduces this overactivity," Gallagher says. "At the same time, it improves memory performance on a task that depends on the hippocampus."
The team studied 84 subjects; 17 of them were normal healthy participants, and the rest had the symptoms of pre-dementia memory loss defined as aMCI. All were older than 55, with an average age of about 70.
In a double-blind randomized trial, the subjects were given varying doses of the drug and also a placebo. Researchers found that low doses both improved memory performance and normalized the overactivity detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging that measures brain activity during a memory task. The ideal dosing found in this clinical study matched earlier preclinical studies in animal models.
"What we want to discover now is whether treatment over a longer time will prevent further cognitive decline and delay or stop progression to Alzheimer's dementia," Gallagher says.
Gallagher is the founder, and a member of the scientific board, of AgeneBio, a biotechnology company focused on developing treatments for diseases that affect brain function. Gallagher owns AgeneBio stock, which is subject to certain restrictions under Johns Hopkins policy. She is entitled to shares of any royalties received by the university on sales of products related to her inventorship of intellectual property. The terms of these arrangements are managed by the university in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies.
The team's work was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant.
