It's long been accepted—with little science to back it up—that people should spend roughly a third of their income on housing. It turns out, that's about how much a low-income family should spend to optimize its children's brainpower.
Johns Hopkins University researchers explored the effects of affordable housing on the cognitive development, physical health, and emotional well-being of children living in poverty. Although how much a family spent on housing had no effect on a child's physical or social health, it was a game changer when it came to cognitive ability.
When a family spent more than half its income on housing, its children's reading and math ability tended to suffer, found Sandra J. Newman, a Johns Hopkins professor of policy studies, working with researcher C. Scott Holupka.
Children's cognitive abilities also took a hit when families spent less than 20 percent of their income on housing.
"Families spending about 30 percent of their income on housing had children with the best cognitive outcomes," says Newman, who is also director of the university's Center on Housing, Neighborhoods and Communities. "It's worse when you pay too little and worse when you pay too much."
The researchers relied on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its Child Development Supplements as well as data from the 2004–2009 Consumer Expenditure Surveys. They focused on families with incomes at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty guideline.
The findings are highlighted in two new journal articles, "Housing Affordability and Investments in Children," published in the Journal of Housing Economics, and "Housing Affordability and Child Well-being," published in Housing Policy Debate.
More than 88 percent of renters with the lowest incomes spent more than 30 percent of their income on rent, according to the 2009 American Community Survey. And the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's latest report on affordable housing states household incomes must be at least 105 percent of the area median for a family to find decent, affordable housing units.
Families that spent most of their money on housing spent less on things like books, computers, and educational outings needed for healthy child development, Newman and Holupka found. Families that didn't invest enough in housing likely ended up in the sort of distressed neighborhoods and inadequate dwellings that can also take a toll on children.
"The markedly poorer performance of children in families with extremely low housing cost burdens undercuts the housing policy assumption that a lower housing cost burden is always best," Newman says. "Rather than finding a bargain in a good neighborhood, they're living in low-quality housing with spillover effects on their children's development."
Newman and Holupka found families that had obtained truly affordable housing, spending roughly 30 percent of their income on it, did indeed spend more money on enrichment for their kids.
When families moved from spending more than half their income on housing to the 30 percent ideal, they invested an average of $98 more on their children, the researchers found. Not a lot of money but enough to make a difference. Even when families increased the amount spent on housing—from 10 percent of their income to 30 percent—they spent about $170 more on child enrichment.
"People are making trade-offs," Holupka says, "and those trade-offs have implications for their children."
The MacArthur Foundation supported this research.
