By using swarms of untethered grippers, each as small as a speck of dust, Johns Hopkins engineers and physicians say they have devised a new way to perform biopsies that could provide a more effective way to access narrow conduits in the body as well as find early signs of cancer or other diseases.
Image caption: A mu-gripper near the opening of an endoscopic catheter.
Image credit: Evin Gultepe, Gracias lab
In two recent peer-reviewed journal articles, the team reported successful animal testing of the tiny tools, which require no batteries, wires, or tethers as they seize internal tissue samples. The devices are called mu-grippers, incorporating the Greek letter that represents the term for "micro." Instead of relying on electric or pneumatic power, these star-shaped tools are activated by the body's heat, which causes their tiny "fingers" to close on clusters of cells. Because the tools contain a magnetic material, they can be retrieved through an existing body opening via a magnetic catheter.
In the April print edition of Gastroenterology, the researchers described their use of the mu-grippers to collect cells from the colon and esophagus of a pig, which was selected because its intestinal tract is similar to that of a human. Earlier this year, the team members reported in the journal Advanced Materials that they had successfully inserted the mu-grippers through the mouth and stomach of a live animal and released them in a hard-to-access place, the bile duct, from which they obtained tissue samples.
"This is the first time that anyone has used a submillimeter-sized device—the size of a dust particle—to conduct a biopsy in a live animal," says David Gracias, an associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering whose lab team developed the microgrippers. "That's a significant accomplishment. And because we can send the grippers in through natural orifices, it is an important advance in minimally invasive treatment and a step toward the ultimate goal of making surgical procedures noninvasive."
Another member of the research team, physician Florin M. Selaru of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, says that the mu-grippers could lead to an entirely new approach to conducting biopsies, which are considered the "gold standard" test for diagnosing cancer and other diseases.
The advantage of the mu-grippers, he says, is that they could collect far more samples from many more locations. He points out that the much larger forceps used during a typical colonoscopy may remove 30 to 40 pieces of tissue to be studied for signs of cancer. But despite a doctor's best intentions, the small number of specimens makes it easy to miss diseased lesions.
"What's the likelihood of finding the needle in the haystack?" says Selaru, an assistant professor in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. "Based on a small sample, you can't always draw accurate inferences. We need to be able to do a larger statistical sampling of the tissue. That's what would give us enough statistical power to draw a conclusion, which, in essence, is what we're trying to do with the microgrippers. We could deploy hundreds or even thousands of these grippers to get more samples and a better idea of what kind of, or whether, a disease is present."
Although each mu-gripper can grab a much smaller tissue sample than larger biopsy tools, the researchers say that each gripper can retrieve enough cells for effective microscopic inspection and genetic analysis. Armed with this information, they say, the patient's physician could be better prepared to diagnose and treat the patient.
This approach would be possible through the latest application of the Gracias lab's self-assembling tiny surgical tools, which can be activated by heat or chemicals, without relying on electrical wires, tubes, batteries, or tethers. The low-cost devices are fabricated through photolithography, the process used to make computer chips. Their fingerlike projections are made of materials that would normally curl inward, but the team adds a polymer resin to give the joints rigidity and keep the digits from closing.
Prior to a biopsy, the grippers are kept on ice so that the fingers remain in the extended position. An endoscopy tool is then used to insert hundreds of grippers into the area targeted for a biopsy. Within about five minutes, the warmth of the body causes the polymer coating to soften and the fingers to curl inward to grasp some tissue. A magnetic tool is then inserted to retrieve them.
Although the animal-testing results are promising, the researchers say that the process will require further refinement before human testing can begin. "The next step is improving how we deploy the grippers," Selaru says. "The concept is sound, but we still need to address some of the details. The other thing we need to do is thorough safety studies."
The team has applied for grants to fund advances in the project, which is protected by provisional patents obtained through the Johns Hopkins Technology Transfer Office. Biotechnology investors might also help move the project forward. "It is more a question of money than time as to how long it will take before we could use this in human patients," Selaru says.
Along with Gracias and Selaru, the Johns Hopkins researchers who contributed significantly to the two journal articles were Evin Gultepe, Sumitaka Yamanaka, Eun Shin, and Anthony Kalloo. Additional contributors were Kate E. Laflin, Sachin Kadam, Yoosun Shim, Alexandru V. Olaru, Berkeley Limketkai, Mouen A. Khashab, and Jatinder S. Randhawa. The researchers are affiliated with the schools of Medicine and Engineering, and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology.
Funding for this research has come from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute, and the Broad Medical Research Institute.
