Recent data show that helicopter and fixed-wing commercial air tour operations in the United States have high crash rates compared with similar commercial aviation operations, and crash rates increase with less-regulated standards of operation. The findings raise concerns about the public health impact of less-regulated commercial air tour operations, such as paid hot air balloon rides.
An investigation of hot air balloon–related injuries and deaths in the United States found that targeted interventions may improve crash outcomes and decrease the number and severity of injuries. The study, conducted by researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's Center for Injury Research and Policy, appears in the November issue of Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine.
Researchers combed through National Transportation Safety Board reports of hot air balloon tour crashes from 2000 to 2011. During the 12-year period, 78 tours involving 518 occupants crashed. There were 91 serious injuries and five fatalities, and 83 percent of crashes resulted in one or more serious or fatal outcomes. Of the serious injuries, 56 percent were lower-extremity fractures.
"Our findings provide valuable information not previously available on the number and kinds of injuries sustained in crashes of paid hot air balloon rides," says Sarah-Blythe Ballard, first author of the paper and a doctoral student at the Bloomberg School. "This research can inform consumers about the risks involved with this recreational activity and serve as a tool for operators and policymakers wishing to employ targeted prevention strategies to reduce balloon ride crashes and crash-related injuries and deaths."
Eighty-one percent of the crashes occurred during landing; 65 percent involved hard landings. Fixed-object collisions—with trees, buildings, power lines, or the ground—contributed to 50 percent of serious injuries and all five fatalities. During landing sequences, dragging, tipping, and bouncing of the gondola and occupant ejections were associated with poor outcomes. Of the crashes resulting in serious or fatal outcomes, 20 percent of the balloons were significantly damaged or destroyed.
"Practical interventions and ones that have been proven to reduce injury and death in other areas of transportation and recreation could be utilized to ensure a safer passenger experience on hot air balloon rides," says co-author Susan P. Baker, a professor and founding director of the Center for Injury Research and Policy. "We know over half the serious injuries we reviewed in our study were lower-extremity fractures sustained during landings. Potential strategies for reducing landing forces include cushioning the bottom of the basket or employing crash-worthy auxiliary crew seats during landings. Similarly, the use of restraint systems and the use of mandatory flight helmets could influence crash outcomes."
Adds co-author Leland P. Beaty, an Injury Center data analyst with 20 years of aviation experience, "A more standardized reporting of hot air balloon crashes would assist the development of targeted interventions aimed at decreasing the number and severity of injuries, and improve the public health impact of less-regulated commercial air tour operations, like paid hot air balloon rides."
The research was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
