When babies are deprived of oxygen before birth, brain damage and disorders such as cerebral palsy can occur. Extended cooling can prevent brain injuries, but this treatment is not always available in developing nations where advanced medical care is scarce. To address this need, Johns Hopkins undergraduates have devised a low-tech $40 unit to provide protective cooling in the absence of modern hospital machines that can cost $12,000.
The device, called the Cooling Cure, aims to lower a newborn's temperature by about 6 degrees Fahrenheit for three days, a treatment that has been shown to protect the child from brain damage if administered shortly after a loss of oxygen has occurred. Common causes of this deficiency are knotting of the umbilical cord or a problem in the mother's placenta during a difficult birth. In developing regions, untrained delivery, anemia, and malnutrition during pregnancy can also contribute to oxygen deprivation.
In a recent issue of the journal Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, the biomedical engineering student inventors and their medical advisers reported successful animal testing of the Cooling Cure prototype. The device is made of a clay pot, a plastic-lined burlap basket, sand, instant ice-pack powder, temperature sensors, a microprocessor, and two AAA batteries. To activate it, just add water.
The device could help curtail a serious health problem called hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, which is triggered by oxygen deficiency in the brain. Globally, more than half the newborns with a severe form of this condition die, and many of the survivors are diagnosed with cerebral palsy or other brain disorders. The problem is particularly acute in impoverished regions where pregnant women do not have easy access to medical specialists or high-tech hospital equipment. The inventors say Cooling Cure could address this issue.
"The students came up with a neat device that's easy for nonmedical people to use. It's inexpensive and user-friendly," says Michael V. Johnston, a professor of pediatric neurology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, who advised the undergraduate team. Johnston also is chief medical officer and executive vice president of the Kennedy Krieger Institute, an internationally recognized center in Baltimore that helps children and adolescents with disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and musculoskeletal systems.
For the past 25 years, Johnston has been studying ways to protect a newborn's brain, including the use of costly hospital cooling units that keep brain cells from dying after an oxygen deficiency. Several years ago, while visiting Egypt, he learned that local doctors were using window fans or chilled water bottles in an inadequate effort to treat oxygen-deprived babies. When he returned to Baltimore, Johnston and Ryan Lee, a pediatric neurologist and postdoctoral fellow at Kennedy Krieger, discussed the problem with Robert Allen of Johns Hopkins' Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, a biomedical engineering program that requires undergraduates to design and build devices to solve pressing medical problems.
Allen, an associate research professor, suggested that Johnston and Lee present the baby-cooling dilemma to the biomedical engineering students, and the challenge was accepted by a team in 2011.
With an eye toward simplicity and low cost, the students designed a cooler made of a clay pot and a plastic-lined burlap basket separated by a layer of sand and urea-based powder, which is used in instant cold packs that help reduce swelling. To activate the baby-cooling unit, water is added to the mixture of sand and powder, causing a chemical reaction that draws heat away from the upper basket, which cradles the child. (The chemical would not come into direct contact with the newborn.)
The unit's batteries power a microprocessor and sensors that track the child's internal and skin temperatures. Small lights flash red if the baby's temperature is too hot, green if the temperature is correct, and blue if the child is too cold. By viewing the lights, the baby's caregiver could add water to the sand to increase cooling, or, if the child is too cool, could lift the child away from the chilling surface until the proper temperature is restored.
The Cooling Cure team presented its prototype in May 2012 at a student invention showcase organized by the university's Department of Biomedical Engineering. The team won the Linda Trinh Memorial Award, which recognized Cooling Cure as an innovative idea for a global health project. In August two of the student inventors were chosen to visit medical centers in India for a two-week trip sponsored by a group called Medical & Educational Perspectives. The group also has offered modest financial support to advance the design project.
In recent months, three of the Cooling Cure's student inventors—John J. Kim, Nathan Buchbinder, and Simon Ammanual—have opted to move the project forward through animal testing and improvement of the prototype. "We've tried to continue this because we've gotten such good feedback," says Kim, a leader of the student team, who completed his undergraduate studies in December. "This is a nonprofit project. The main thing we want to do is to make sure that people in developing countries can benefit from this device."
Adds Buchbinder, "It's not every day that you get to work on a medical device that could save lives and prevent disabilities in kids."
Working with the Johns Hopkins Technology Transfer staff, the students and their faculty advisers have obtained a provisional patent covering the low-cost baby-cooling unit. In the near future, the student inventors hope to link up with an international medical aid group and begin clinical trials in a developing region.
John Kim was lead author of the Medical Devices: Evidence and Research study. The co-authors—all Johns Hopkins student inventors and faculty advisers—were Buchbinder, Ammanual, Allen, Johnston, Robert Kim, Erika Moore, Neil O'Donnell, Jennifer K. Lee, Ewa Kulikowicz, Soumyadipta Acharya, and Ryan W. Lee.
